Method and apparatus for accumulating and distributing traffic and flow control information in a packet switching system

ABSTRACT

Traffic information is accumulated and flow control information distributed in a packet switching system. Traffic information is collected in multiple elements, which forward in a coordinated fashion to collecting elements indications of congestion and other types of information. The collecting elements manipulate the received indications and generate flow control messages which are sent to individual sending components of the packet switching system. In one implementation, a switching element maintains for each destination a count of packets within itself which are addressed to the particular destination. An indication of a portion of this collected information is included in a packet header forwarded from each of the elements each packet time. Each of the elements are assigned a different offset, such that they send an indication of a different portion of their collected information, so a view of the traffic conditions and/or buffer occupancies within a packet switching system is efficiently produced.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of copending nonprovisional application Ser. No. 09/784,787, filed Feb. 15, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to collecting and distributing traffic and flow control information in a packet switching system; and more particularly, the invention relates to collecting and accumulating traffic information in packet switch components and propagating flow control messages based on the accumulated information.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The communications industry is rapidly changing to adjust to emerging technologies and ever increasing customer demand. This customer demand for new applications and increased performance of existing applications is driving communications network and system providers to employ networks and systems having greater speed and capacity (e.g., greater bandwidth). In trying to achieve these goals, a common approach taken by many communications providers is to use packet switching technology.

Consumers and designers of these systems typically desire high reliability and increased performance at a reasonable price. A commonly used technique for helping to achieve this goal is for these systems to provide multiple paths between a source and a destination. Packets of information are then dynamically routed and distributed among these multiple paths. It is typically more cost-effective to provide multiple slower rate links or switching paths, than to provide a single higher rate path. Such designs also achieve other desired performance characteristics.

Under certain circumstances and typically for a limited duration, these switching systems can have internal congestion as well as congestion at the output ports. The amount of the congestion can be decreased if the traffic sources stop or decrease sending packets for a period of time over the congested paths or to the congested output ports. However, to react to such congestion and to decrease or stop sending such information, these traffic sources (e.g., sending ports, line cards, etc.) must be notified to stop or decrease their sending of packets by some element recognizing the congestion.

In a conventional, directly connected point-to-point application, a receiver will throttle a sender by communicating flow control information directly to the sender (e.g., XOFF, XON etc.). In this example, the receiver has full information and can know when to stop, slow down, speed up, or resume the sending of traffic between the sender and receiver. However, when a packet switch is interposed between a sender and receiver, the receiver may no longer have the complete and timely information necessary to make such flow control decisions, especially when the congestion is within the interposed packet switch. This problem of identifying congestion is compounded when packets belonging to the same information stream are distributed among multiple paths and switching elements within the packet switching system. In this scenario, no single element inherently has the information necessary to timely react to congestion.

New methods and apparatus are needed to efficiently recognize actual and potential congestion situations within a packet switching system and to communicate appropriate flow control information to sending elements or devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method is disclosed for collecting traffic information within a packet switching system and determining a set of traffic conditions. In one embodiment, each of multiple first elements of a packet switching system collects information representing approximately a volume of traffic contained within the particular said first element. Each of the multiple first elements is assigned a different predetermined offset value. Each of the multiple first elements transmits an indication of a subset of the collected information according to the different predetermined offset values to a second element of the packet switching system. The second element receives the transmitted indications from one or more of the plurality of first elements and manipulates the received indications to determine a set of traffic conditions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The appended claims set forth the features of the invention with particularity. The invention, together with its advantages, may be best understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:

FIGS. 1A–C are block diagrams of a few of many possible embodiments of switching system accumulating and distributing congestion information according to the invention;

FIGS. 2A–C are block diagrams of exemplary switching fabric components accumulating and distributing congestion information according to the invention;

FIGS. 3A–B are block diagrams illustrating an exemplary accumulation and distribution of traffic and flow control messages based on traffic information collected in a routing stage switching element of a packet switching system;

FIG. 4 is an exemplary data structure used to store flow control information;

FIGS. 5A–B illustrate two exemplary packet formats and corresponding data structures that may be used in accumulating and distributing flow control information;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of the operation of an embodiment for accumulating and distributing flow control information;

FIGS. 7A–C are flow diagrams for collecting/tabulating and distributing traffic information;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram for accumulating traffic information and for distributing flow control messages;

FIGS. 9A–B illustrate embodiments for collecting and efficiently propagating occupancy and/or other information;

FIGS. 9C–D illustrate two exemplary packet formats used in some embodiments;

FIG. 9E is an exemplary data structure used to store received information in one embodiment;

FIGS. 10A–C are flow diagrams used in one embodiment to send, receive, and process information according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods and apparatus are disclosed for accumulating and distributing traffic and flow control information in a packet switching system. Such methods and apparatus are not limited to a single packet switching environment. Rather, the architecture and functionality taught herein are extensible to an unlimited number of packet switching environments and embodiments in keeping with the scope and spirit of the invention. Embodiments described herein include various elements and limitations, with no one element or limitation contemplated as being a critical element or limitation. Each of the claims individually recite an aspect of the invention in its entirety. Moreover, some embodiments described may include, inter alia, systems, integrated circuit chips, methods, and computer-readable medium containing instructions. The embodiments described hereinafter embody various aspects and configurations within the scope and spirit of the invention.

As used herein, the term “packet” refers to packets of all types, including, but not limited to, fixed length cells and variable length packets, each of which may or may not be divisible into smaller packets or cells. Moreover, these packets may contain one or more types of information, including, but not limited to, voice, data, video, and audio information. Furthermore, the term “system” is used generically herein to describe any number of components, elements, sub-systems, devices, packet switch elements, packet switches, routers, networks, computer and/or communication devices or mechanisms, or combinations of components thereof. The term “computer” is used generically herein to describe any number of computers, including, but not limited to personal computers, embedded processors and systems, control logic, ASICs, chips, workstations, mainframes, etc. The term “device” is used generically herein to describe any type of mechanism, including a computer or system or component thereof. The terms “task” and “process” are used generically herein to describe any type of running program, including, but not limited to a computer process, task, thread, executing application, operating system, user process, device driver, native code, machine or other language, etc., and can be interactive and/or non-interactive, executing locally and/or remotely, executing in foreground and/or background, executing in the user and/or operating system address spaces, a routine of a library and/or standalone application, and is not limited to any particular memory partitioning technique. The steps and processing of signals and information illustrated in the figures are typically be performed in a different serial or parallel ordering and/or by different components in various embodiments in keeping within the scope and spirit of the invention. Moreover, the terms “network” and “communications mechanism” are used generically herein to describe one or more networks, communications mediums or communications systems, including, but not limited to the Internet, private or public telephone, cellular, wireless, satellite, cable, local area, metropolitan area and/or wide area networks, a cable, electrical connection, bus, etc., and internal communications mechanisms such as message passing, interprocess communications, shared memory, etc. The terms “first,” “second,” etc. are typically used herein to denote different units (e.g., a first element, a second element). The use of these terms herein does not necessarily connote an ordering such as one unit or event occurring or coming before the another, but rather provides a mechanism to distinguish between particular units. Moreover, the phrase “based on x” is used to indicate a minimum set of items x from which something is derived, wherein “x” is extensible and does not necessarily describe a complete list of items on which the operation is based. Additionally, the phrase “coupled to” is used to indicate some level of direct or indirect connection between two elements or devices, with the coupling device or devices modify or not modifying the coupled signal or communicated information.

In one embodiment, each of a plurality of first elements of a packet switching system collects information representing approximately a volume of traffic contained within the particular said first element; wherein each of the plurality of first elements is assigned a different predetermined offset value. Each of the plurality of first elements transmits an indication of a subset of the collected information according to its different predetermined offset value to a second element of the packet switching system. The second element receives the transmitted indications from one or more of the plurality of first elements; and the second element manipulates the received indications to determine a set of traffic conditions.

In one embodiment, the first and second elements include switching elements of the packet switching system. In one embodiment, collecting information by each of the plurality of first elements of the packet switching system includes maintaining a data structure indicating a traffic volume for each destination. In one embodiment, each destination is an I/O interface, a line card, a port, or other component of the packet switching system. In one embodiment, the set of traffic conditions includes a destination traffic condition for each destination. In one embodiment, each destination is an I/O interface, a line card, a port, or other component of the packet switching system. In one embodiment, the set of traffic conditions includes a destination traffic indication for each destination connected to the second element. In one embodiment, a routing stage of the packet switching system includes each of the plurality of first elements. In one embodiment, a final switching stage of the packet switching system includes the second element. One embodiment includes the second element distributing an indication of a traffic condition from the determined set of traffic conditions. In one embodiment, the determined set of traffic conditions are distributed to one or more components within the packet switching system providing traffic to a switching fabric of the packet switching system. In one embodiment, the determined set of traffic conditions are distributed to one or more components external to the packet switching system. One embodiment includes one or more computer-readable media containing computer-executable instructions for performing the operations described herein

In one embodiment, a packet switching system comprises: a plurality of first components, with each of the plurality of first components including: one or more memories to indicate one or more quantities of packets located within a particular first component of the plurality of first components, and to maintain a current position within the memory; and a forwarder to communicate said one or more quantities of packets to a second component. The current position of each of the plurality of first components is initialized to a different predetermined offset value. The second component is coupled to each of the plurality of first components. The second component includes: an accumulator to receive and manipulate one or more indications of said quantities of packets received from said each of the plurality of first components and to determine conditions of traffic within the packet switching system.

In one embodiment, each of the plurality of first components include switching elements. In one embodiment, the second component includes a switching element. In one embodiment, the second component further includes a distribution mechanism for distributing indications of the determined traffic conditions.

In one embodiment, a packet switching system comprises: means for tabulating traffic information in a plurality of first switching elements of the packet switching system; means for initializing each of the plurality of first switching elements with a predetermined offset value; means for forwarding indications of the tabulated traffic information from the first switching element to a second switching element; means for accumulating traffic information in the second switching element; and means for distributing from the second switching element to a third element of the packet switching system one or more flow control indications based on the accumulated traffic information.

In one embodiment, a final switching stage of the packet switching system includes the second switching element. In one embodiment, a final switching stage of a switching fabric of the packet switching system includes the second switching element.

ACCUMULATING AND DISTRIBUTING FLOW CONTROL INFORMATION

Methods and apparatus are disclosed for accumulating traffic information and distributing flow control information in a packet switching system. Traffic information is collected in multiple elements of the packet switching system. These multiple elements forward to collecting elements of the packet switching system indications of congestion and/or other types of information useful in determining traffic conditions within the packet switching system. The collecting elements manipulate the received indications of traffic conditions and generate flow control messages which are sent to individual sending components (e.g., I/O interfaces, line cards, ports, etc.) of the packet switching system.

In one embodiment, a switching element maintains for each destination a count of packets within itself which are addressed to the particular destination. Indications of this collected information are sent to all, or a subset of, the collecting switching elements of the packet switching system. These collecting elements accumulate the information received from multiple sources. The accumulated information is evaluated, and when a congestion condition is determined or anticipated, then flow control messages are distributed to all, or a subset of, the packet sources (e.g., I/O interfaces, line cards, ports, etc.).

In one embodiment, information is collected by a tabulator in each of the distribution switching elements of a switching fabric. For example, in one embodiment of a three stage switching fabric, a tabulator in each of the second stage switching elements maintains a tabulation data structure of packet counts corresponding approximately to the number of packets currently within the particular switching element. Periodically or asynchronously, update information is sent from these tabulators to accumulators in one or more of the third stage switching elements. The accumulators then accumulate and manipulate the received traffic information and distribute flow control information to one or more components (e.g., I/O interfaces, line cards, ports, etc.) which can react to lessen the actual, perceived, or anticipated congestion or other traffic conditions. Traffic and flow control information may be sent using at least one of many different techniques such as in messages, over control lines, piggybacked in other data or control messages, etc.

In one embodiment, traffic information (e.g., buffer occupancy, packet counts, etc.) is collected in multiple elements, which forward in a coordinated fashion to collecting elements indications of congestion and other types of information. The collecting elements manipulate the received indications and generate flow control messages which are sent to individual sending components of the packet switching system. In one implementation, a switching element maintains for each destination a count of packets within itself which are addressed to the particular destination. An indication of a portion of this collected information is included in a packet header forwarded from each of the elements each packet time. Typically, each of one or more groups of elements are assigned a different offset from a common synchronization point for the particular group of elements, from which they send an indication of a different portion of their collected information. In this manner, a view of the traffic conditions and/or buffer occupancies within a packet switching system is efficiently produced

DETAILS OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

FIGS. 1A–3C and their discussion herein are intended to provide a description of various exemplary packet switching systems. FIGS. 1A–C illustrate the basic topology of different exemplary packet switching systems. FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary packet switch 100 having multiple inputs and outputs and a single interconnection network 110. FIG. 1B illustrates an exemplary packet switch 140 having multiple interconnection networks 141 and folded input and output interfaces 149. FIG. 1C illustrates an exemplary folded packet switch 160 having multiple interconnection networks 161 and folded input and output interfaces 169. Embodiments of each of these packet switches 100, 140 and 160 receive, generate, accumulate, distribute, and react to flow control information in the manners disclosed herein. Of course, the invention is not limited to these illustrated operating environments and embodiments, and the packet switching systems may have more or less elements.

FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a packet switch 100 accumulating and distributing congestion information according to the invention. Packet switch 100 comprises multiple input interfaces 105, interconnection network 110, and output interfaces 125. Input interfaces 105 and output interfaces 125 are both coupled over multiple links to interconnection network 110. Line cards 101 and 131 are coupled to input interfaces 105 and output interfaces 131. In certain embodiments including other packet switching topologies, line cards or their functionality may be included in the packet switch itself, or as part of the packet switching system.

In one embodiment, interconnection network 110 comprises multiple switch elements SE-1 112, SE-2 115, and SE-3 118 that are interconnected by multiple links. Line cards 101 and 131 may connect to other systems (not shown) to provide data items (e.g., packets) to be routed by packet switch 100. Flow control information may be generated, consumed, or processed at one or more of the line cards 101, 131, input interfaces 105, switch elements SE-1 112, SE-2 115, and SE-3 118, output interfaces 125, and/or other locations within packet switch 100 or the packet switching system.

FIG. 1B illustrates another exemplary operating environment and embodiment of a packet switch 140 accumulating and distributing congestion information according to the invention. Packet switch 140 comprises multiple folded input and output interfaces 149 interconnected over multiple links to interconnection networks 141, which are interconnected over multiple links returning to input and output interfaces 149. In one embodiment, interconnection networks 141 comprise multiple switch elements SE-1 142, SE-2 145, and SE-3 148 also interconnected by multiple links. Interfaces 149 may connect via bi-directional links to line cards 139 that connect with other systems (not shown) to provide data items (e.g., packets) to be routed by packet switch 140. Flow control information may be generated, consumed, or processed at one or more of the line cards 139, input and output interfaces 149, switch elements SE-1 142, SE-2 145, and SE-3 148, and/or other locations within packet switch 140 or the packet switching system.

FIG. 1C illustrates another exemplary operating environment and embodiment of a packet switch 160 accumulating and distributing congestion information according to the invention. Packet switch 160 has a folded network topology. Packet switch 160 comprises multiple folded input and output interfaces 169 interconnected over multiple links to interconnection networks 161, which are interconnected over multiple links returning to interfaces 169. In one embodiment, interconnection networks 161 comprise multiple switch elements SE-1 & SE-3 162 and SE-2 164 also interconnected by multiple links. Interfaces 169 may connect via bi-directional links to line cards 159 which connect via ports 158 to other systems (not shown) to provide data items to be routed by packet switch 160. Flow control information may be generated, consumed, or processed at one or more of the line cards 159, input and output interfaces 169, switch elements SE-1 & SE-3 162 and SE-2 164, and/or other locations within packet switch 160 or the packet switching system.

FIGS. 2A–C illustrate exemplary embodiments of switching elements and/or their components accumulating and distributing congestion information according to the invention. FIG. 2A is a block diagram of a first stage switching element, SE-1 200. FIG. 2B is a block diagram of a second stage switching element SE-2 230. FIG. 2C is a block diagram of a third stage switching element SE-3 260. The invention is not limited to these or any other embodiment described herein. Rather, the invention as described herein is extensible to an unlimited number of embodiments and implementations as would be understood by one skilled in the art.

FIG. 2A illustrates an embodiment of SE-1 200 comprising control logic and/or processor 211 (hereinafter “control logic”), memory 212, storage devices 210, I/O interfaces 205, output queues 220, SE-2 interfaces 225, and one or more internal communications mechanisms 219 (shown as a bus for illustrative purposes). In certain embodiments, control logic 211 comprises custom control circuitry for controlling the operation of SE-1 200. Memory 212 is one type of computer-readable medium, and typically comprises random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), integrated circuits, and/or other memory components. Memory 212 typically stores computer-executable instructions to be executed by control logic 211 and/or data which is manipulated by control logic 211 for implementing functionality in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention. Storage devices 210 are another type of computer-readable medium, and typically comprise disk drives, diskettes, networked services, tape drives, and other storage devices. Storage devices 210 typically store computer-executable instructions to be executed by control logic 211 and/or data which is manipulated by control logic 211 for implementing functionality in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

Each SE-1 200 receives packets 201 and exchanges control messages 202 over one or more links with one or more input interfaces (not shown) such as input/output interface 285 (FIG. 2C) via I/O interfaces 205. In other embodiments, data packets and control messages are transmitted over a common link or links, and/or communication interfaces have a folded topology. Additionally, each SE-1 200 sends packets 228 and exchanges control messages 229 over one or more links with one or more SE-2 elements (not shown) such as SE-2 230 (FIG. 2B) via SE-2 interfaces 225. Outgoing packets and control messages are placed in output queues 220. Depending on the embodiment, there is an output queue 220 for each destination, for each class of service for each destination, for each next stage switching element, for each class of service for each next stage switching element, or one of many other possible configurations.

FIG. 2B illustrates an embodiment of SE-2 230 comprising control logic and/or processor 241 (hereinafter “control logic”), memory 242, storage devices 240, tabulator (TAB) 244, SE-1 interfaces 235, output queues 250, SE-3 interfaces 255, and one or more internal communications mechanisms 249 (shown as a bus for illustrative purposes). In certain embodiments, control logic 241 comprises custom control circuitry for controlling the operation of SE-2 230. Memory 242 is one type of computer-readable medium, and typically comprises random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), integrated circuits, and/or other memory components. Memory 242 typically stores computer-executable instructions to be executed by control logic 241 and/or data which is manipulated by control logic 241 for implementing functionality in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention. Storage devices 240 are another type of computer-readable medium, and typically comprise disk drives, diskettes, networked services, tape drives, and other storage devices. Storage devices 240 typically store computer-executable instructions to be executed by control logic 241 and/or data which is manipulated by control logic 241 for implementing functionality in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

SE-2 230 generates, consumes, processes and reacts to collected traffic and flow control information. Each SE-2 230 receives packets 231 and exchanges control messages 232 over one or more links with one or more SE-1 elements (not shown) such as SE-1 200 (FIG. 2A) via SE-1 interfaces 235. In other embodiments, data packets and control messages are transmitted over a common link or links, and/or communication interfaces have a folded topology. For example, the communications functions of SE-1 interface 235 and SE-3 interface 255 could be combined, which is particularly useful in an embodiment where SE-1 200 (FIG. 2A) and SE-3 260 (FIG. 2C) are implemented on a single component. (e.g., chip or circuit board). Additionally, each SE-2 230 sends packets 258 and exchanges control messages 259 over one or more links with one or more SE-3 elements (not shown) such as SE-3 260 (FIG. 2C) via SE-3 interfaces 255. In one embodiment using a folded topology, the links between (a) SE-2 230 and SE-1 200 and (b) SE-2 230 and SE-3 260 are the same links. Control logic 241 receives control packets containing flow control information, and updates its flow control data structure stored in memory 242. Additionally, tabulator 244 receives and accumulates traffic and/or flow control information. The functionality of tabulator 244 could also be performed by control logic 241 using memory 242. SE-2 230 typically distributes traffic and/or flow control information to other packet switching components by sending control messages 232 and 259 as well as “piggybacking” or including traffic and/or flow control information in reserved fields of other control messages 232 and 259 (e.g., acknowledgment or clear-to-send control messages) or data packets 258 being sent. Outgoing packets 258 and control messages 259 are placed in output queues 250. Depending on the embodiment, there is an output queue 250 for each destination, for each class of service for each destination, for each next stage switching element, for each class of service for each next stage switching element, or one of many other possible configurations.

FIG. 2C illustrates an embodiment of SE-3 260 comprising control logic and/or processor 271 (hereinafter “control logic”), memory 272, storage devices 270, accumulator 274, SE-2 interfaces 265, output queues 280, I/O interfaces 285, and one or more internal communications mechanisms 279 (shown as a bus for illustrative purposes). In certain embodiments, control logic 271 comprises custom control circuitry for controlling the operation of SE-3 260. Memory 272 is one type of computer-readable medium, and typically comprises random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), integrated circuits, and/or other memory components. Memory 272 typically stores computer-executable instructions to be executed by control logic 271 and/or data which is manipulated by control logic 271 for implementing functionality in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention. Storage devices 270 are another type of computer-readable medium, and typically comprise disk drives, diskettes, networked services, tape drives, and other storage devices. Storage devices 270 typically store computer-executable instructions to be executed by control logic 271 and/or data which is manipulated by control logic 271 for implementing functionality in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

Accumulator 274 collects traffic information received from tabulators 244 (FIG. 2B), and accumulates this received traffic information in a data structure. This accumulated information is periodically or asynchronously manipulated to determine actual, perceived or anticipated traffic conditions. Flow control information can then be sent to packet sources to slow down or stop sending traffic until the congestion condition no longer exists.

SE-3 260 generates, consumes, processes and reacts to traffic and/or flow control information as further described in detail hereinafter. Briefly first, each SE-3 260 receives packets 261 and exchanges control messages 262 over one or more links with one or more SE-2 elements (not shown) such as SE-2 230 (FIG. 2B) via SE-2 interfaces 265. In other embodiments, data packets and control messages are transmitted over a common link or links, and/or communication interfaces have a folded topology. Additionally, SE-3 260 sends packets 288 and exchanges control messages 289 over one or more links with one or more output interface elements (not shown) such as Input/Output interface 285 (FIG. 2C) via I/O interfaces 285. Control logic 271 receives control packets containing traffic and/or flow control information, and updates its flow control data structure stored in memory 272. SE-3 260 typically distributes traffic and/or flow control information to other packet switching components by sending control messages 262 and 289 as well as “piggybacking” or including traffic and/or flow control information in reserved fields of other control messages 262 and 289 (e.g., acknowledgment or clear-to-send control messages) or data packets 288 being sent. Outgoing packets 288 and control messages 289 are placed in output queues 280. Depending on the embodiment, there is an output queue 280 for each destination, for each class of service for each destination, for each next stage switching element, for each class of service for each next stage switching element, or one of many other possible configurations.

FIGS. 3A–B illustrate logical diagrams of the operation of an embodiment for collecting traffic information in tabulators, sending the collected traffic information to an accumulator, and distributing the collected flow control information to all (or a subset thereof) line cards (or ports thereof). Traffic is generally distributed across components, and/or planes of a packet switching system. For certain embodiments of packet switching systems, it is advantageous to collect indications, especially the volume and possibly location, of the distributed traffic in the various elements of a packet switching system. When an element of a packet switching system (or in some external component such as an operations system) has received this information, it can detect and react to perceived or actual traffic conditions.

FIG. 3A illustrates the one of many embodiments for collecting traffic information and generating flow control signals for a packet switching system having multiple line cards 301, each connected to an I/O interface 310. Note, the topology illustrated in FIG. 3A is that of a folded packet switch, and that each line card 301 and I/O interface 310 are shown both on the left and right side of FIG. 3A for simplicity of illustration. Also, switch elements SE-1 311 and SE-3 313 are illustrated separately; however in certain embodiments such as that illustrated in FIG. 1C, these are embodied in the same component. Moreover, other embodiments employ a different packet switch topology, such as, but not limited to a non-folded network, which provides some mechanism to convey flow control information from the output or egress portion of the packet switch back to the ingress portion.

In one embodiment as illustrated in FIGS. 3A–B, traffic information is collected by tabulators 317A–D within switching elements 312 of packet switch 300. As shown, switching elements 312 are part of the routing stage of packet switch 300. Tabulators 317A–D maintain a traffic data structure containing information to characterize the traffic level within the particular switching element. In one embodiment, each tabulator 317A–D maintains a traffic data structure to keep a count for each destination of packets within the particular switching element 312. Periodically or asynchronously, this collected traffic information is transmitted over links 329A–D to accumulators (ACC) 318A–D within next stage switching elements 313. For simplicity of illustration, traffic information in this example is shown as being sent to only one accumulator 318A, where in this and/or other embodiments, traffic information is sent to one or more accumulators 318A–D. Accumulators 318A–D maintain a data structure to accumulate the received traffic information. This accumulated information is periodically or asynchronously manipulated to determine actual, perceived or anticipated traffic conditions. Flow control information is then transmitted as illustrated by highlighted path 339 and continues over highlighted path 349 as illustrated in FIG. 3B. This flow control information can be distributed to all potential sending elements, internal or external to packet switch 300. As shown for illustrative purposes in FIG. 3B, the flow control information is broadcast to all I/O interfaces 310A–P and Line Cards 301A–P over the highlighted links. In this manner, traffic information is collected and accumulated from elements distributed within a packet switching system, with flow control messages being generated and sent to sending sources in response to the traffic conditions.

FIG. 4 illustrates a data structure 400 for storing traffic and/or flow control information. Data structure 400 comprises a table having an entry for each destination (e.g., I/O interface, line card, or port of a line card, etc.) and for each type of service supported by the packet switching system. Certain embodiments do not make a distinction between service types or only have a single class of service. As shown, data structure 400 has columns 402 corresponding to service types and rows 401 corresponding to each of the destinations, typically but not always internal to the switching system. An entry within data structure 400 is typically an integer corresponding to a packet count, although it could be another indication of traffic and/or flow control information.

FIGS. 5A–B illustrate various formats of a data structure used by various embodiments for collecting and distributing traffic and/or flow control information. FIGS. 5A–B illustrate the packet format, in which the data payload (e.g., the data fields) of the packets also illustrate a possible embodiment of the data structure (e.g., queue, stack, array, hash table) used to collect the flow control information. FIG. 5A shows one embodiment of a packet 500 having a header 501 and multiple data fields 502–504, where each data field contains an information (i.e., traffic or flow control) message. FIG. 5B shows one embodiment of a packet 510 having a header 511 and multiple data fields 512–514, where each data field contains an information (i.e., traffic or flow control) message. This embodiment uses an array of flow control messages where each data field includes the flow control information at a position within the packet (or data structure) corresponding to the source of the information. For example, data field 512 corresponds to destination 0, data field 513 corresponds to destination 1, etc.

The collection and accumulation of traffic information and distribution of flow control information is further illustrated in FIG. 6. Starting with the left of the diagram, traffic information is collected in a data structure 642 within the various SE-2 switching elements 641. Periodically or asynchronously, collected traffic information is transmitted in messages 643 to one or more SE-3 switching elements 645 where the traffic information is accumulated into data structure 648. Periodically, asynchronously, or in response to a change in a congestion or non-congestion condition, flow control messages 654 are sent to one or more packet sources 655. In response to receiving flow control messages, packet sources 655 can reduce or stop sending packets for a duration until the identified actual or potential congestion condition no longer exists. One or more of numerous techniques may be used to identify a congestion or non-congestion condition, such as thresholding the packet counts or a weighted set of value applied to the packet counts or other information stored in data structure 648.

The flow diagrams of FIGS. 7A–B illustrate one of numerous embodiments for collecting and accumulating traffic information for packets within an element. Processing of FIG. 7A begins with process block 700, and proceeds to process block 702 where a packet is received. Next, in process block 704, the packet (or some indication or pointer thereof) is placed in an output queue. Next, in process block 706, the traffic data structure is updated to reflect the increase in the traffic level in the particular component of the packet switch. Typically, a packet count is maintained for each possible destination within the packet switch. Processing then returns to process block 702.

FIG. 7B illustrates one embodiment for updating the traffic data structure based on a decrease in the level of traffic within a component of the packet switch. Processing begins at process block 710, and proceeds to process block 712 where a packet (or some indication or pointer thereof) is retrieved and possibly placed in a transmit queue. Next, in process block 714, the packet is sent. Then, in process block 716, the traffic data structure is updated to reflect the decrease in the traffic level in the particular component of the packet switch. Processing then returns to process block 712.

FIG. 7C illustrates one of numerous embodiments for periodically distributing traffic information. Other embodiments may employ some threshold or polling technique. Processing begins at process block 720, and proceeds to process block 722 where a timer is set. When the timer has expired as represented by the looping at process block 724, process block 726 is performed to create and send one or more traffic update messages to another component of the packet switching system. Processing then returns to process block 722.

FIG. 8 illustrates one of numerous embodiments for accumulating traffic information from one or more sources, recognizing changes in traffic conditions, and transmitting flow control signals or messages. Processing begins at process block 800, and proceeds to process block 802 where a traffic update message is received, typically from another component of the packet switch. Next, in process block 804, the traffic information is extracted, and in process block 806, the traffic data structure is updated. Next, as determined in process block 810, if a change in a traffic condition is detected, then in process block 812, one or more a flow control messages are created and sent, typically to the sources of traffic to indicate stop, decrease, or start sending traffic. Processing then returns to process block 802.

FIG. 9A illustrates the flow of information from one set of elements to another element or elements. In one embodiment illustrated by FIG. 9A, multiple (i.e., N) SE-2 switching elements 901–909 send information to SE-3 switching element 920 over links 911. Note, only one SE-3 switching element 920 is shown for ease of reader understanding, while in some embodiments, the flow of information illustrated in FIG. 9A is performed for each coupled SE-3 switching element, typically with only information relevant to destinations coupled to a particular SE-3 switching element sent to the particular SE-3 switching element.

In one embodiment, the timing of the sending of the information by SE-2 switching elements 901–909 is coordinated to produce a regulated stream of information 921, with the received information being extracted and stored in table (or other data structure) 925. Embodiments use many different techniques for efficiently propagating the information. In one embodiment, each SE-2 is assigned a predetermined (static or dynamically changing) offset from a synchronization point which is used to coordinate the sending of information pertaining to different sets of destination. In one embodiment, only one SE-2 switching element 901–909 sends information in a single packet time, with the SE-2 elements 901–909 being sequenced though using a round robin or other technique. In one embodiment, each SE-2 element 901–909 sends information each packet time, typically with the information being sent by a particular SE-2 901–909 being different than another SE-2 901–909. In one embodiment, each SE-2 901–909 maintains a set of information pertaining to destinations associated with SE-3 920, and SE-2 901–909 are synchronized to send a different portion, typically offset based on the number of SE-2 elements 901–909. By synchronizing the sending of the information with respect to the packet distribution methodology used by a packet switching system, a view of the traffic and/or buffer occupancy is forwarded to one or more elements, typically in a smaller number of packet times.

FIG. 9B illustrates one embodiment performed in a multi-plane packet switching system. SE-2 elements of packet switching fabric planes 931–939 send information relevant to SE-3 element 950 in a coordinated fashion to produce a stream of information 951 which is extracted and stored in table (or other data structure) 955. In one embodiment, SE-2 elements are synchronized with each other SE-2 elements within each switching plane 931–939, while in one embodiment, all SE-2 elements of switching planes 931–939 are synchronized. In one embodiment, each SE-2 element of each switching plane 931–939 sends information each packet time, typically with the information being sent by a particular SE-2 being different than another SE-2 on a switching plane, such as that previously described in relation to FIG. 9A, including programming each SE-2 with a different offset from a synchronization point. In an embodiment where packets being sent to a destination are distributed across all packet planes 931–939 and all SE-2 elements therein, the sending of information can be coordinated across all switching elements such that a view of the traffic and/or occupancy load of the packet switching system is very efficiently forwarded to other elements. While in one embodiment, only SE-2 elements within a single packet switching plane 931–939 are synchronized. By synchronizing the sending of the information with respect to the packet distribution methodology used by a packet switching system, a view of the traffic and/or buffer occupancy is forwarded to one or more elements, typically in a smaller number of packet times.

FIGS. 9C–D illustrate exemplary packet fields used in some embodiments for communicating information between elements. As shown in FIG. 9C, packet fields 960 comprise a start bit field 961 used to synchronize the sender with the receiver of information, an optional reserved field 962, and one or more information fields 963–964. Illustrated are two information fields 963–964, wherein any number of information fields may be included in packet fields 960. In one embodiment, when an element receives a start bit of one (or zero), the element resets and begins sending information in a predetermined sequence (or variant thereof) from its predetermined offset from a common synchronization point.

As shown in FIG. 9D, packet fields 970 include a start bit field 971 used to synchronize the sender with the receiver of information, an optional priority field 972 used to indicate the priority associated with the included information (e.g., which priority of the buffer), and one or more information fields 973. Illustrated is only one information field 973, wherein any number of information fields may be included in packet fields 970. In one embodiment, when an element receives a start bit of one (or zero), the element resets and begins sending information in a predetermined sequence (or variant thereof) from its predetermined offset from a common synchronization point.

Data structure 980 illustrated in FIG. 9E is used in one embodiment to store received information. In one embodiment, data structure 980 is accessed via a plane index 982 and a destination index 981, which allows information received from each plane to be maintained for each destination. In one embodiment wherein the sending of information among planes is not synchronized, storing information received from each plane for each destination may be particularly advantageous, although not required.

The flow diagrams of FIGS. 10A–C illustrate processes employed in one embodiment to send, receive, and process information communicated between elements, including packet switching elements of a packet switching system.

In one embodiment, the process illustrated in FIG. 10A is performed by each SE-2 switching element or other element. Processing of the flow diagram illustrated in FIG. 10A begins with process block 1000, and proceeds to process block 1002, wherein a current position indicator is loaded with a predetermined starting position for the element (e.g., SE-2 switching element.) In a packet switching system employing a packet distribution mechanism wherein packets being sent through a switching fabric are evenly distributed among SE-2 (or other) switching elements, then a view of the traffic condition or buffer occupancy of the switching fabric can be approximated by a cumulative set of partial information received from various SE-2 or other elements. For example, each SE-2 can be programmed to sequence through a data structure containing flow control, buffer occupancy, and/or other information beginning with a different offset, so that in values in the data structure can be sent in a shorter period of time. Next, in process block 1004, the information in the traffic/occupancy data structure at the current position is forwarded, and the current position indication is advanced in process block 1006. Processing returns to process block 1004 to repeat this process.

In one embodiment, the process illustrated in FIG. 10B is performed by a SE-3 switching element or other element for each sending source (e.g., SE-2 or other element) to update a data structure with received information. Processing begins at process block 1010, and proceeds to process block 1012, wherein an indication of the state of the particular source is set to uninitialized. Next, in process block 1014, information is received, such as piggybacked in control fields of a packet or via any other communications mechanism. If, as determined in process block 1016, the received information includes a set start bit, then in process block 1018, the current position within the data structure is set to the predetermined offset for the particular sending source, and the state of the sending source is set to the initialized state, and processing proceeds to process block 1022. Otherwise, as determined in process block 1020, if the source is in the initialized state (e.g., the sender and receiver are synchronized), then process block 1022 is performed to update the data structure with the received information and the current position within the data structure, and in process block 1024, the current position is advanced. Processing returns to process block 1014 to received and process more information.

In one embodiment, the process illustrated in FIG. 10C is performed to determine when to react to the amount of traffic or buffer occupancy for a particular destination. Processing begins with process block 1040, and proceeds to process block 1042, wherein a current destination indicator is initialized. Next, in process block 1044, a buffer occupancy or other traffic parameter is determined for the current destination. In one embodiment, this value is determined by the sum of the values for each plane multiplied by the number of planes plus the buffer occupancy or other traffic indication at the particular SE-3 or other element for the destination. In one embodiment, some other multiplier is used, such as eight, or other predetermined or dynamic value. Next, as determined in process block 1046, if the occupancy (or other determined value) is greater than a predetermined or dynamic threshold value, then flow control or other reaction is initiated or performed in process block 1048. In process block 1050, the current destination indicator is advanced, and processing returns to process block 1044 to repeat this processing.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of our invention may be applied, it will be appreciated that the embodiments and aspects thereof described herein with respect to the drawings/figures are only illustrative and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. For example and as would be apparent to one skilled in the art, many of the process block operations can be re-ordered to be performed before, after, or substantially concurrent with other operations. Also, many different forms of data structures could be used in various embodiments. The invention as described herein contemplates all such embodiments as may come within the scope of the following claims and equivalents thereof. 

1. A method comprising: each of a plurality of first elements of a packet switching system collecting information representing approximately a volume of traffic contained within the particular said first element; wherein each of the plurality of first elements is assigned a different predetermined offset value; each of the plurality of first elements transmitting an indication of a subset of the collected information according to its said different predetermined offset value to a second element of the packet switching system; the second element receiving the transmitted indications from one or more of the plurality of first elements; and the second element manipulating the received indications to determine a set of traffic conditions.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second elements include switching elements of the packet switching system.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said collecting information by each of the plurality of first elements of the packet switching system includes maintaining a data structure indicating a traffic volume for each destination.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein each said destination is an I/O interface, a line card, a port, or other component of the packet switching system.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the set of traffic conditions includes a destination traffic condition for each said destination.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein each said destination is an I/O interface, a line card, a port, or other component of the packet switching system.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of traffic conditions includes a destination traffic indication for each said destination connected to the second element.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a routing stage of the packet switching system includes each of the plurality of first elements.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein a final switching stage of the packet switching system includes the second element.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising the second element distributing an indication of a traffic condition from the determined set of traffic conditions.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the determined set of traffic conditions are distributed to one or more components within the packet switching system providing traffic to a switching fabric of the packet switching system.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the determined set of traffic conditions are distributed to one or more components external to the packet switching system.
 13. One or more computer-readable media containing computer-executable instructions for performing operations for distributing traffic information said operations including: each of a plurality of first elements of a packet switching system collecting information representing approximately a volume of traffic contained within the particular said first element; wherein each of the plurality of first elements is assigned a different predetermined offset value; each of the plurality of first elements transmitting an indication of a subset of the collected information according to its said different predetermined offset value to a second element of the packet switching system; the second element receiving the transmitted indications from one or more of the plurality of first elements; and the second element manipulating the received indications to determine a set of traffic conditions.
 14. A packet switching system comprising: a plurality of first components, each of the plurality of first components including: one or more memories to indicate one or more quantities of packets located within a particular first component of the plurality of first components, and to maintain a current position within the memory; and means for communicating said one or more quantities of packets to a second component; wherein the current position of each of the plurality of first components is initialized to a different predetermined offset value; and the second component coupled to each of the plurality of first components, the second component including: an accumulator to receive and manipulate one or more indications of said quantities of packets received from said each of the plurality of first components and to determine conditions of traffic within the packet switching system.
 15. The packet switching system of claim 14, wherein each of the plurality of first components include switching elements.
 16. The packet switching system of claim 14, wherein the second component includes a switching element.
 17. The packet switching system of claim 14, wherein the second component further includes a distribution mechanism for distributing indications of the determined traffic conditions.
 18. A packet switching system comprising: means for tabulating traffic information in a plurality of first switching elements of the packet switching system; means for initializing each of the plurality of first switching elements with a predetermined offset value; means for forwarding indications of the tabulated traffic information from the first switching element to a second switching element; means for accumulating traffic information in the second switching element; and means for distributing from the second switching element to a third element of the packet switching system one or more flow control indications based on the accumulated traffic information.
 19. The packet switching system of claim 18, wherein a final switching stage of the packet switching system includes the second switching element.
 20. The packet switching system of claim 18, wherein a final switching stage of a switching fabric of the packet switching system includes the second switching element. 